What is free will? Merriam-Webster provides two definitions: 1. voluntary choice or decision 2. freedom of humans to make choices that are not determined by prior causes or by divine…

The Clean Architecture is one of many architectures that aim to isolate the domain model, and make the code base more modular, more decoupled, and therefore more testable. It takes…

Take a look at the standard diagram of The Clean Architecture, and you will notice a layer labelled “Application Business Rules”, wherein the “Use Cases” are defined. Uncle Bob describes…

CQRS is an architectural pattern whereby the system is separated according to two distinct responsibilities: reads/queries, and writes/commands. The basis for doing so it to recognise that it is impossible…

File structure is a significant part of the overall architecture and organisation of an application, though it often seems to get overlooked. Developers typically stick to organising their files/directories according…

Encapsulation is one of the four pillars of object-oriented programming, along with abstraction, inheritance and polymorphism. The idea is to restrict access to an object’s internal state through the use…